The Gender Gap Cracks Under Pressure: A Detailed Look at Male and Female Performance Differences During Competitions

Using data from multiple-period math competitions, we show that males outperform females of similar ability during the first period. However, the male advantage is not found in any subsequent period of competition, or even after a two-week break from competition. Some evidence suggests that males may actually perform worse than females in later periods. The analysis considers various experimental treatments and finds that the existence of gender differences depends crucially on the design of the competition and the task at hand. Even when the male advantage does exist, it does not persist beyond the initial period of competition.competitiveness, gender differences, effort and productivity, field experiment

Alien Registration- Mcintyre, Joseph (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/23799/thumbnail.jp

The Lived Experience of a Single Cohort of NHS Scotland Podiatrists Undertaking Supervision. Supervisor and Supervisee Perspectives.

Introduction: The landscape for the allied health professions (AHPs) in the Scottish health and social care sector is evolving and arguably becoming more complex. Increasing demands, service pressures and patient complexity, are all influencing factors. Clinical supervision (termed supervision throughout this thesis) is a phenomenon which is widely utilised in the AHP setting to support staff in all aspects of practice. The researcher is embedded within the profession of podiatry, a profession which is somewhat new to the practice of supervision in the Scottish health and social care sector. The profession of podiatry, like the other AHPs, is experiencing rapid change. Podiatrists are inputting into more complex areas of care which historically they were not involved with. The researcher embarked on a journey to support podiatry staff in a local team with this rapid change and evolving landscape. The researcher sought to support podiatry staff by introducing an evidenced based model of supervision which was co-constructed between the researcher and the podiatry team involved in this research. The aim of this research was to explore the lived experiences of the podiatry staff within this team who were enacting this new model of supervision. Methodology: An interpretive hermeneutic phenomenological stance underpinned this research. Word clouds and participant led one-to-one interviews were used to explore (n=12) NHS podiatry participants’ lived experiences with the local model of supervision, (n=6) were supervisors and (n=6) were supervisees. Data was analysed by the researcher (JM) using methods which respected the hermeneutical philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer, and his concept of the fusion of horizons. Findings which emerged from the data analysis were co-constructed by the researcher and participants in the fusion of horizons. Findings: Four key phenomenological meanings emerged from the data which highlighted trust as a key essence of the phenomenon of supervision. The four key meanings represent different facets of trust which emerged in relation to participants’ experiences of the local supervision model. These included: ‘trust in the process and its impact and outcomes’; ‘trust in self’; ‘trust in one another’; and ‘trust in the organisation (and one’s position within)’. Conclusion: The findings of this research have added to what is already known about the concept of trust in relation to the phenomenon of supervision in the AHP setting. The findings also begin to build an evidence base in relation to supervision in the context of the profession of podiatry. To date, this is an area with little research, and thus this research begins to address this gap.Podiatr

Causes of Gender Differences in Competition: Theory and Evidence

We use a game theoretic model of contests to assess different explanations for the male performance advantage in competition. Comparing the testable predictions of the model with the empirical evidence, we reject explanations involving male overcon- fidence, misperceptions about relative ability, and some preference differences. Ex- planations involving female underconfidence, stereotype threat, and adverse female reaction to competition are consistent with only some of the evidence, and an expla- nation involving lower male risk aversion is consistent with most of the evidence. Two explanations are consistent with all of the evidence: (i) male ability to perform may in- crease in the face of competition, possibly due to changes in testosterone or adrenaline; or (ii) males may care more about winning or get greater enjoyment from competition than females.contests, gender differences, effort and productivity

Alien Registration- Mcintyre, Joseph (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/23799/thumbnail.jp

Alien Registration- Mcintyre, Joseph (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/23799/thumbnail.jp

Alien Registration- Mcintyre, Joseph (Portland, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/23799/thumbnail.jp

Alien Registration- Mcintyre, Joseph A. (Lincolnville, Waldo County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/5178/thumbnail.jp

Intraspecific variability modulates interspecific variability in animal organismal stoichiometry.

Interspecific differences in organismal stoichiometry (OS) have been documented in a wide range of animal taxa and are of significant interest for understanding evolutionary patterns in OS. In contrast, intraspecific variation in animal OS has generally been treated as analytical noise or random variation, even though available data suggest intraspecific variability in OS is widespread. Here, we assess how intraspecific variation in OS affects inferences about interspecific OS differences using two co-occurring Neotropical fishes: Poecilia reticulata and Rivulus hartii. A wide range of OS has been observed within both species and has been attributed to environmental differences among stream systems. We assess the contributions of species identity, stream system, and the interactions between stream and species to variability in N:P, C:P, and C:N. Because predation pressure can impact the foraging ecology and life-history traits of fishes, we compare predictors of OS between communities that include predators, and communities where predators are absent. We find that species identity is the strongest predictor of N:P, while stream or the interaction of stream and species contribute more to the overall variation in C:P and C:N. Interspecific differences in N:P, C:P, and C:N are therefore not consistent among streams. The relative contribution of stream or species to OS qualitatively changes between the two predation communities, but these differences do not have appreciable effects in interspecific patterns. We conclude that although species identity is a significant predictor of OS, intraspecific OS is sometimes sufficient to overwhelm or obfuscate interspecific differences in OS

Gender equality, human development, and PISA results over time

Gender equality through the empowerment, representation, and provision of equal opportunities for all, regardless of gender, is increasingly recognised as a driver of social outcomes and a fundamental human right. This study explores the longitudinal (2006–2018) relationship between gender equality, human development, and education results as measured by PISA. Gender equality and human development are consistently correlated with PISA scores at each time point; however, when controlling for starting values and country effects only change in gender equality positively predicts change in PISA scores (F = 22.6, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.58). Research and policy implications for the longitudinal interpretation of the relationship of PISA results with system-level factors as well as the relationship between gender equality and education are discussed in this paper. In consideration of the impact of COVID-19 on education and gender equality, the findings from this study support continued political effort towards gender-equal human development in a post-COVID-19 world.publishedVersio